The Book of Genesis is one short piece of human writing, written for a specific purpose almost 2,300 years ago, and it's not reasonable, fair, or honest to place so much authority on this book. To insist that Genesis is the inspired word of God is to show a profound lack of trust and faith in God. If you want to continue to proclaim that Genesis's truth is more important to you than all the other evidence available to your mind, senses, and common sense, then please go ahead. But don't tell me in the same breath that you believe with your whole heart in God. Because you don't.
It's not acceptable for people in the 21st century to read Genesis as if it were written yesterday by well-meaning modern theologians. It wasn't. Genesis has to be understood in an ancient context -- a context that no longer exists in the modern Western world. It wasn't written for a postmodern world that believes in Newtonian science and human rights legislation. It was written for a world that believed at its core in occult magic and slavery.
Genesis was not written for Rabbinic Judaism or Christianity. Neither Rabbinic Judaism nor Christianity existed until the second half of the 1st century BCE. By that time, Genesis had been making the religious rounds for over 300 years. It was a very old text by the time both Jewish rabbis and early Christian preachers began to radically alter the way in which people were allowed to relate to God.
What was so different about early Rabbinic Judaism and early Christianity in comparison to other religions of the time?
No Temple.
Judaism had to radically re-envision itself after the Romans destroyed the Jerusalem Temple in 70 CE. Christians, too, were supposed to pay more attention to their spiritual commitments and less attention to imperial temples. Neither 1st century religious group would have been recognizable to the people who wrote Genesis.
I don't give a hoot that the people who wrote Genesis may have been Jewish or may have spoken Hebrew. They weren't Jewish in the way that Judaism is practised today, any more than Alexander the Great's armies were Macedonian in the way that Macedonians understand themselves today. It's ridiculous to try to put 2,300 year old writings under the umbrella of political correctness. These writings were used in their early years for the express purpose of perpetuating HDM myths. For this reason, they need to be brought into the light of critical scholarship and examined honestly for what they actually say, instead of what we want them to say.
Among biblical scholars, there seems to be an almost fanatical self-imposed blindness when it comes to talking about the snake/serpent in Chapter 3 of Genesis (the snake that beguiles Eve). Many scholars will tell you that the snake shouldn't be read as a metaphor for Satan/the Devil, and I agree with them. In place of the snake-as-devil reading, the preferred explanation these days is that the story about the snake describes the "broken relationship" between humanity and God, a brokenness which is in turn the cause for our suffering as human beings.
I'm all for the big moment of psychotherapeutic interpretation, when, after many months of quiet listening, the therapist suddenly drops a major insight onto the unsuspecting heart of the suffering patient. But, you know, I'm not getting the sense that the authors of Genesis really cared that much about your suffering.
And usually the transformative interpretation comes at the end, not at the beginning. At the beginning, nobody's listening. It's only after a patient has heard him/herself talking for a while that he/she is ready to hear what the therapist has to say. (Reality TV shows, while not always ethical or kind, have at least shown us time and again that insight follows relationship, not the other way around.)
There's a much simpler and more obvious reading for the snake/serpent in Genesis, one that relates directly to the historical context of the Alexandrian authors.
The snake is Hellenism. Pure and simple.
Based on the evidence of Genesis, it seems that the Jewish scholars who lived in Alexandria, Egypt (a Hellenistic hot spot) were furious about the corrosive influence of Hellenistic religion and philosophy on their own traditions and beliefs, so they decided to fight back. They decided to give their faith community some ammunition to strengthen them in the great cultural war that Alexander the Great had unleashed on Egypt (and on many other places). This is a perfectly understandable motive. When outsiders push aggressively at you, you push back. Sometimes you push back with iron weapons. And sometimes you push back with words.
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| The Laocoon Group is a famous ancient marble excavated in Rome and now displayed in the Vatican. Laocoon was a Trojan priest who, according to myth, was killed, along with his sons, by serpents sent by a Greek god. (The identity of the Greek god, along with other details, varies from version to version of the myth.) Photo credit I. Sailko. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. |
In the early 3rd century BCE, nobody would have needed an explanation as to the snake's identity. If I were to say to you today, "the Eagle did it," you're probably going to think "American eagle" (or maybe Roman legions, if you're a real history buff). Same thing with the snake in the ancient world. The snake meant Greek ideas -- Greek myths and Greek magic -- which had had a HUGE impact on people's thinking all around the Mediterranean, and not always for the better.
Biblical scholars profess to be puzzled about the great void in the canonical Hebrew scriptures around Alexander the Great and his conquest of Syria-Palestine. They see many accurate, verifiable references to other known historical events, historical persons, and military campaigns (e.g. the Assyrian conquest, the Babylonian conquest, and the return of Jewish exiles to Jerusalem). But there's nothing -- not a thing -- in the canon about those Hellenistic bastards in the late 4th century.
Of course, Alexander's successors created empires. And emperors never look sympathetically on explicit criticism, do they? In any dangerous religio-political climate (as Alexandria would have been in 275 BCE), writers of polemic have to tread carefully for their own protection and the protection of their communities.
So you disguise your polemic in metaphors. You never mention specific pharaohs (in this case, Ptolemaic emperors) by name. You identify your enemies through metaphor (the wily Greek snake who entraps vulnerable Jews). And you pretend to set your claims in the far distant past (the Patriarchal Age) so nobody can accuse you of current sedition.
And you conclude your story in Egypt. Not in Judah or Israel, but in Egypt. And the hero of your story -- Joseph -- is technically a slave, but he's a slave with so much power and prestige that he has the ear of the (unnamed) Pharaoh. And God favours Joseph and his family, even though they all have to travel to . . . Egypt. And the hero and his kin inherit the fruits of God's first covenant with Abraham (Gen. 15:1-21; there's also a second covenant between God and Abraham in Gen. 17:1-27). And lo and behold! the first covenant says that Abraham's descendants are promised all the land between the Nile and the Euphrates River -- not coincidentally the choicest parts of Alexander's empire!
Genesis is focussed on Egypt because it was written for Diaspora Jews who lived in Egypt.
What's the big deal about that? It makes perfect sense in its own context. Let's just accept that and move on.
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